Home › Timeline › The Releases, and the Enclosure That Follows Each › Tondibi: guns end the Songhai Empire
In 1591 a Moroccan army with firearms, sent by Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur after an earlier raid on the Taghaza salt deposits, routed the Songhai at Tondibi and took Timbuktu and Gao, ending the Songhai Empire. The Timbuktu jurist Ahmad Baba, accused of refusing the sultan's authority, was deported to Marrakesh in 1594 and allowed home only after the sultan died in 1603.
The mechanism
A TECHNOLOGY THAT TURNS THE BOARD
How it was checked
- EvidenceT5 INDEPENDENT SECULAR; Status: ADDED 2026-09-19
- Letter eraTHE RELEASES, AND THE ENCLOSURE THAT FOLLOWS EACH 1382 to 1694
- SourcesRECORD — Britannica, 'Songhai empire'; Britannica, 'Ahmad Baba' · checked 19 September: Britannica (read in a browser; WebFetch is refused by the site), 'Songhai empire'; Britannica (read in a browser; WebFetch is refused by the site), 'Ahmad Baba'
The whole timelineThe Releases, and the Enclosure That Follows EachThe historical recordAll eras